Назад      Главная страница    Оглавление    Далее.

 Initially Rus…

Settlement of primitive mankind.

1. A primitive man (60 - 6 thousand years ago).

   Using the materials of Anatoly Klyosov.
  
    Offered (low quality) pictures are on the Internet. There is some coincidence, but there are some differences. There are some illogicalities in the chronology of the formation of haplogroups. However, all these drawings are illustrative. To our ultimate goal - True History of Russia, these discrepancies do not affect.
   To whom it is not clear what a haplogroup is, it is suggested to google a haplogroup or Y-chromosome.
   Who does not understand what languages ​​are inflectional or agglutinative, you can google. Too lazy, we explain. The inflective is like Russian, with separate, very long words, suffixes, etc. A language agglutinative - this is when a few short words, a whole sentence is collected in one big word.
 

   Figure 1. Chronology of the appearance of haplogroups.
 

   Figure 2. Migration of haplogroups. This picture does not coincide with the text description. The settlement of the group R1b to the west took place not through Europe, but partly in the south of Europe and, to a greater extent, through Africa in the Pyrenees and from there to the east and north to England.

   The anatomically modern man, Homo sapiens, appeared - according to modern science, although given an extremely contradictory one - between 160 and 100 thousand years ago. Many, however, argue that it was still an archanthropic, not a modern man. In other words, an advanced Neanderthal man, or a creature, standing at the same stage of development - both anatomically and mentally. The transition from Neanderthal to man was accompanied by an expansion of the set of food products from meat to fish and shellfish, which was not the case for Neanderthals, shows that man became more flexible in his means of subsistence. This was all accompanied by anatomical changes: an increase in the size of the brain, the volume of the skull.
   Contrary to the claims of some linguists that speech was inherent in "people" a million years ago, or even more, reflects the emotions of these linguists rather than their knowledge of the device of the vocal apparatus of the archanthropes. We have no information about how much the vocal cords of the "people" were provided with a stretching musculature a million years ago. Perhaps the development of this anatomical feature also accompanied the mental development of primitive man in parallel with the development of the brain and the increase in the volume of the cranium.
   The first human births were African genus-haplogroups A and B. According to various data haplogroup A appeared 80-60 thousand years ago. Relatively few representatives of this haplogroup remained in Africa, particularly in Ethiopia and Sudan, and among populations with snapping tongues. Populations with this haplogroup are scattered throughout the continent "spots". It seems that this is all that remains of the oldest haplogroup A. Haplogroup B was formed approximately 50 thousand years ago from the consolidated (at that time) haplogroup BT, which appeared 55 thousand years ago. The territory and frequency of occurrence of haplogroup B is about the same as haplogroup A, but Central African pygmies and South African coyzans (haplogroup B2b) are added. The Bantu language is widely distributed among the carriers of haplogroup B2a.
   From Haplogroup B, the consolidated haplogroup CF, which migrated from Africa, separated. It happened in the interval of 55-30 thousand years ago. From this consolidated haplogroup 50 thousand years ago haplogroup C was formed, its carriers migrated to the east, and part of its trail remained in the south of the Arabian Peninsula, the rest through Pakistan and India, Sri Lanka and through the rest of Southeast Asia left for Australia. Subgroups of this haplogroup are observed in Japan (C1), Polynesia, Melanesia and Papua New Guinea (C2), in Southeast and Central Asia (C3), among Australian aborigines (almost exclusively C4).
   From the consolidated haplogroup CF 50 thousand years ago, a consolidated haplogroup DE was formed, which in turn formed a haplogroup E that spread throughout North Africa and Europe, and D, which migrated to India and further to Asia. D1 carriers live in Tibet, Mongolia, Central Asia, Southeast Asia, D2 - almost exclusively in Japan. Haplogroup E appeared, apparently, in Northeast Africa, but the Middle East region could not be ruled out, from where it could get to Africa. The fact that there is practically no haplogroup F in Africa, but more than 90% of people on Earth have haplogroups that descend from F, could mean that it was formed outside the continent, or left Africa as part of a small group of people.
   Haplogroup G, presumably formed 30,000 years ago in northern Mesopotamia, is observed mainly in the Caucasus, Iran, the Middle East, and the Mediterranean, but it is almost absent in the north of Europe - less than 2% of the population. In the south of Europe, it reaches 8 - 10% of the total composition of Spain, Italy, Greece, Turkey. Haplogroup H was formed from F approximately 40 to 30 thousand years ago, presumably in India, there basically remained. This haplogroup came to Europe with gypsies in the form of a subgroup H1.
   The consolidated haplogroup of NOP was formed from the haplogroup K approximately 40 to 35 thousand years ago east of the Aral Sea (this is one of the three main versions), then it was divided into N, which populated Siberia and the territories to the south and north; O, who migrated through India to South Asia; and P, which left for southern Siberia, and divided into Q and R. The same haplogroup K gave haplogroups L and M. The first is observed mainly in India and Sri Lanka (as sublayer L1) and Pakistan (L3), haplogroup M in the main is located in Papua New Guinea, where it counts from one-third to two-thirds of the haplogroup M of the whole planet. Another option is that the consolidated haplogroup NOP left Mesopotamia to the east along the Iranian plateau, and before the impregnable mountains of the Pamirs, the Himalayas, the Tien Shan, the Hindu Kush turned south and traveled along the Indian Ocean to Southeast Asia. There is no evidence in favor of this or that hypothesis. It is not excluded that the haplogroups NO and R migrated separately, the second - to the Russian plain from Mesopotamia together with haplogroup I, and only this can probably explain the europeoid nature of haplogroups I and R, in contrast to non-europeoid N and O (for example , Yakut and Chinese - Korean - Japanese, respectively).
Haplogroup Q is observed to a large extent among the Siberian peoples, as well as among the American Indians, including the descendants of the Maya tribes. Quite a lot of this haplogroup among the Ashkenazi Jews, which is attributed to Khazar times, since the common ancestor of this haplogroup among Jews is not more than a thousand years old.
   Haplogroup R gave the three most famous haplogroups - R1a1, R1b1 and R2. R1a1 is the most represented in Russia (an average of 48%, and in the southern regions - Belgorod, Orel and surrounding regions - 62% of the total population) and in Eastern Europe (Poland, Ukraine, Belarus, approximately the same shares in populations and up to 57 %); in Central Europe and in Scandinavia it is approximately 15 - 20%. In the Atlantic regions, it is almost non-existent, sometimes at the level of one percent.
   So, going beyond Africa about 60 thousand years ago (PS according to other data 100 - 120 thousand years ago), the carriers of almost all the haplogroups formed during the migration, except haplogroups A and B, remaining in Africa, and haplogroup C, The Indian Ocean to Australia and Oceania, and partly to the north, to Southeast Asia, migrated to the Middle East, extending from the southern to northern Mesopotamia, that is, to the southern Ciscaucasia, the south of the Caspian Sea and the west of the Iranian highlands. It was about 55-50-45 thousand years ago. This was the area of ​​the Nostratic language, or Babylon. His echoes and fall into virtually all non-African languages ​​of the world.
   As described above, the haplogroups I and R, which eventually became europoid, went north to the Russian Plain, from where the haplogroup I somehow left 45-40 thousand years ago to Europe, and its carriers became Cro-Magnon, Gravettes and other first people in Europe . They had the same language as haplogroup R, that is, with a slope or in the future inflectional language of haplogroup R1a1, or in the future agglutinative language of haplogroup R1b1 and, possibly, haplogroup Q (future Siberian peoples and American Indians). In any case, both languages ​​will be in Europe in 35 thousand years.
   What language landscape represented Eurasia to 6 thousand years ago (4th millennium BC), and the next two thousand years?

   So, returning to the subject of our consideration, by 6 thousand years ago the carriers of haplogroup I, divided into two main subgroups I1 and I2, had already inhabited Europe for more than 30 thousand years. Outside the European continent, they almost did not come out. What language they had - it is unknown, but it is possible that the Basque language is the ancient language of the carriers of haplogroup I. The fact that the Basque language is not an Indo-European language is known. Currently, it is considered an unclassified, agglutinative language. If it turns out not to be a prat-Turkic language, then, most likely it is the language of the ancient carriers of haplogroup I. But if in it, with an unbiased examination, elements of the Turkic, agglutinative languages ​​are found, then this is the language of the ancient R1b1b2.
   The carriers of this haplogroup, as mentioned above, arrived on the Iberian Peninsula 3750 ± 380 years ago (in the Basques 3625 ± 370 years ago, and among the Basques they are 93%, Adams et al, 2008), and arrived through the Caucasus, which inhabited 6 thousand years back. In this regard, it is important that some linguists define the Basque language in the Sino-Caucasian language macro-family, which includes the Caucasian, Tibetan, Yenisei, Chinese and Burushan languages ​​(I. Byzov's private message). Here we definitely see the reflection of the path of haplogroup R1b from ancient times, from Southern Siberia (the Yenisei and Chinese languages), through the Caucasus (6 thousand years ago) to the Pyrenees (Basques). So the assumption that the language of the Basques is the ancient language of the haplogroup R1b, is not devoid of connection with the data of linguists. Moreover, the Basque language has the same system of numerals as in the Caucasian languages ​​- 20-ricual, and has common elements with the Semito-Hamitic world, as well as Sumerian and Hurrito-Urartian (private communication by I. Byzov). This is all - the path and neighborhood of the path of haplogroup R1b to Europe.
   The carriers of the haplogroup R1a1 are arias, assuming that they came to India and Iran about 3500 years ago. In the 4th millennium BC they began to spread across Europe, and 4750 ± 500 years ago they entered the Russian plain. Over the next several centuries, they settled from the Baltic to the Caucasus, about 4,500 years ago they were already recorded in the Caucasus, and about 3,600 years ago they were already in Anatolia. This is consistent with linguistic and archaeological data, and documentary evidence. Anatolia can not be considered as the "prorodine" of the Indo-European language, not only because the notion of "ancestral home" in this context is generally untrue, but also because Anatolia and the surrounding regions were one of the territories that the arias visited during the development and settlement of Eurasia. From the side of Anatolia the arias hardly advanced far to the east, and certainly not to India and the eastern part of the Iranian highland. These were the local locations of the Aryans (haplogroup R1a1).
   4000 years ago carriers of haplogroup R1a1 already founded the Andronovo archaeological culture and reached the southern Urals. Archaeological excavations in the south of the Krasnoyarsk Territory revealed that bone residues dating from 3800-3400 years have characteristic mutations of haplogroup R1a1 (Keyser et al, 2009). Moreover, the haplotypes of these residues are easily embedded in the tree of haplotypes of contemporary ethnic Russians from the Ivanovo, Penza, Tver, Lipetsk, Novgorod, and Ryazan regions. In other words, these fossil remains and modern ethnic Russians had one and the same common ancestor, which, as we already know, lived about 4,800 years ago.
   Approximately 3600 years ago, the arias (haplogroup R1a1) left in their part the southern Urals and moved to India. At about the same time, the arias of Central Asia, where they lived for at least five hundred years, were transferred to Iran. The common ancestors of the Indians and Iranians of the haplogroup R1a1 lived 4050 and 4025 years ago, respectively (Klyosov, 2009b), which is 800 years younger than the common ancestor of the modern ethnic Russian haplogroup R1a1. The haplotypes of modern Eastern Slavs (haplogroup R1a1) are almost identical to the haplotypes of Indians and Iranians up to 25 marker and even 67 marker haplotypes, that is, the maximum resolution of modern DNA genealogy. In other words, the coincidence is almost absolute. On this basis, it should be argued that the aria of the 2nd millennium BC, carriers of the haplogroup R1a1, without any doubt descendants of the same ancestors as modern ethnic Russians. At present, there are at least 100 million men living in India, the descendants of the Aryans from the Russian Plain, and before that from the Balkans. Up to 72% of the highest castes in India belong to the haplogroup R1a1 (Sharma et al, 2009).
   These ancestors of modern Russians, as well as many modern Ukrainians, Byelorussians, Lithuanians, Estonians, Tajiks, Kirghiz, namely the carriers of the haplogroup R1a1 brought their own Aryan inflectional language to India and Iran, which closed the language ligament between Europe and India-Iran, and announced the beginning of a new language family - Indo-European languages. A hundred and fifty years ago A.F. Hilferding wrote in his work "On the affinity of the Slavonic language with the Sanskrit language" (1853): "... The Slavic language, taken together, does not differ from Sanskrit by any permanent, organic change in sounds. Some of the features found in it, somehow silly p Czechs and Poles, etc., developed already in the later historical epoch and belong to only a few of their dialects, but I repeat, the Slavonic language does not have a single feature that is alien to the Sanskrit language. This property shares the Lithuanian language with it, whereas all other Indo-European languages ​​are subject to different sound laws, which are exclusively peculiar to each of them individually. Thus, in terms of lexicality, the Slavic and Lithuanian languages ​​are closely related to the Sanskrit language, and together with it they form a separate family in the Indo-European tribe, outside of which there are Persian and West European languages. "
   At present, we know that the Persian or Iranian languages ​​were also basically brought to the eastern part of the Iranian highlands by arians, carriers of the haplogroup R1a1, about the same time as in India, but by arias that have already lived for at least several hundred years (perhaps at least 500 years) in Central Asia. The time of the beginning of the ancient Iranian languages ​​- the middle of the 2nd millennium BC.
   Thus, the words of Yu.N. Drozdova "According to the concept of linguistic science, the languages ​​of modern European peoples belong to a language family that is called" Indo-European ", although it is impossible to find any ancient source in which any traces of the stay of Indians or their kindred peoples in European territory are recorded" reflect as already mentioned above the categorical nature of Turkologists (as well as Iranians equally) with respect to opposing science, as well as the clearly outdated views of linguists, according to which "Indians" (or to the same extent "Iranians"), already sometimes as an ethnic group, should be the primary bearers of Indo-European languages ​​in Europe. The Indians, like the Iranians, were recipients, not donors of these languages. "Indo-European" languages ​​of that time were in fact Aryan.
   So, the language landscape in Europe 6 thousand years ago, or at the turn of the 4th and 5th millennium BC, was Ancient Aryan, the language of R1a1, and perhaps, to some extent, the language (or languages) of the ancient European haplogroup I The language of the latter could also be Ancient Aryan, or could be the great language of the present Basques, or be the now unknown language. The Turkic language was brought by the haplogroup R1b1b2 only about 4 thousand years ago, at the turn of the 2nd and 3rd millennia BC.
   Approximately 4500-4000 years ago something happened in Europe, as a result of which the haplogroup R1a1 from Europe practically disappeared (see below). As, by the way, at the same time both haplogroup I1 and largely haplogroup I2 disappeared. Shortly thereafter, Europe was populated with carriers of the Turkic-speaking R1b (mainly its subgroups R1b1b2). The main reasons could be two - or almost complete extermination of other haplogroups with R1b carriers, or between 4000 and 4500 years ago in Europe there was a major natural cataclysm, and the Turkic-speaking R1b1b2 settled already practically deserted Europe. You can find evidence in favor of one and the other assumption. Most likely, the same thing happened that happened a thousand years later with the American Indians. The Turkic peoples are extremely merciless towards foreigners, which is also evident in the fate of Armenians and Russian janissaries in Turkey.
   Based on the data of DNA genealogy, the position was advanced and justified that in ancient times, up to the middle of the 1st millennium BC, throughout the whole of Eurasia, up to the Atlantic Ocean, two language fields alternately dominated - the Turkic (Proto-Türkic) and Indo-European, languages ​​of haplogroups R1b and R1a, respectively. The carriers of these haplogroups migrated by counter-rates, with a time difference of 1-2 thousand years, but in many respects in the same territories as confused linguists and archaeologists and led to erroneous "Kurgan" and "Anatolian" theories of the "Indo-European ancestral homeland" .
   The "Turkic speaking" haplogroup R1b moved from Southern Siberia, where it was formed 16 thousand years ago, through the territories of the Middle Volga, Samara, Khvalyn (in the middle Volga) and ancient ("Kurgan") archaeological cultures and cultural-historical communities (8-6 thousand years back and forth, the common ancestor of the ethnic Russian haplogroup R1b1 lived 6775 ± 830 years ago), northern Kazakhstan (for example, the Botay culture, recorded by archaeologists 5,700-5,100 years ago, is actually much older), crossed the Caucasus to Anatolia (6000 ± 800 ln of the modern Caucasians of the haplogroup R1b1b2), and through the Middle East (Lebanon, 5300 ± 700 bp, ancient ancestors of modern Jews, 5150 ± 620 BP) and North Africa (Berbers of haplogroup R1b, 3875 ± 670 BP. ) passed to the Iberian Peninsula (3,750 ± 520 BP, 3,625 ± 370 BP) and further to the British Isles (in Ireland 3800 ± 380 and 3350 ± 360 BP for different populations) and continental Europe (Flanders, 4150 ± 500 BP, Sweden 4225 ± 520 BP). The path to continental Europe from the Pyrenees is the way and times of the culture of the bell-shaped cups, the ancestors of the prakelts and praitalics.
   In parallel, traces of ancient R1b carriers can be traced in the Balkans (4050 ± 890 BP), separately in Slovenia (4050 ± 540 BP), in Italy (4125 ± 500 BP). This is the beginning of the times of the Turkic languages ​​in Europe and the disappearance from Europe of the "prao-Indo-European" haplogroup R1a1, which populated Europe from 10 thousand BC. Haplogroup R1a1 actually saved what 4800 years ago, at the beginning of the 3rd millennium BC, its carriers moved from Europe to the Russian plain, and settled the territories from the Baltic to the Black Sea, 4500 BP. they were already in the Caucasus, 3600 BP. in Anatolia (according to the haplotypes of the haplogroup R1a1 of modern Anatolia). Meanwhile, on the Russian Plain, they traveled to the Southern Urals and further to Southern Siberia about 4000 hp, at the same time founded the Andronovo archaeological culture, populated Central Asia (4000-3500 BP) and approximately 3500 BP. part went to India and Iran as arias, bringing there Aryan dialects, which actually closed the linguistic link with the Aryan languages ​​(R1a1) and led to the emergence of the Indo-European family of languages.
   4500-4000 years ago R1a1 disappear from the foreign (in the current concept of) Europe, Europe becomes Turkic with the arrival of carriers of the haplogroup R1b (beginning of the 2nd millennium BC), and this continues until the middle of the 1st millennium BC . (3000-2500 years ago), when haplogroup R1a1 overpopulates foreign Europe, and there is a reverse replacement of Turkic languages ​​by Indo-European. Such linguistic and haplogroup, or generic (in terms of DNA genealogy) stripes on the Russian Plain, in the Near East and in Europe led to incorrect linguistic and archaeological concepts such as the "barrow culture" where languages ​​were confused (postulated "Indo-European" when there was Turkic), the direction of the movement (the "pra-Indo-European" was moving eastward, and not to the west, like the Turkic, and as the creators and supporters of the "barrow culture" considered), times (the pra-Indo-European language moved along the Russian plain in the 3rd thousand to AD, ancient amine, it is also "Kurgan" culture are considered mainly in the period 4-3 thousand BC).
   This also happened with regard to the "Anatolian theory", in which the private (Transcaucasian) branch of the route of the movement of the Aryans, carriers of the haplogroup R1a1 to the east along the Russian plain, was accepted as the "ancestral home of the Indo-Europeans". This led to a fundamental distortion and misunderstanding of the fundamental role of the Turkic languages ​​in the Russian Plain (at least from the time 10,000 years ago) and in Europe, for 1,500 years (from the beginning of the 2nd millennium to the middle of the 1st millennium BC). e.).
It seems that two europeoid fraternal families, R1a1 and R1b1, who came about 50-40 thousand years ago on the Russian plain in the same genus R, and then left for South Siberia at least 20 thousand years ago and dispersed in time and territories as will be described below, led two languages. One of them was the inflectional Aryan (the language of the genus R1a1), which was later called the Pra-Indo-European, the other was the agglutinative Proto-Türkic (the language of the genus R1b1). Both families came from Southern Siberia.
   Genus R1b1, the carrier of agglutinative, ancient Türkic languages. The way from Asia to Europe, with arrival at the turn of 3-2 thousand BC.
   Modern Uighurs, Kazakhs, Bashkirs and some other peoples of Siberia, Central Asia and the Urals in their part have their origin from the ancient genus R1b1 and have maintained the same haplogroup for 16 thousand years already. This genus has historically moved from east to west, leaving, naturally, descendants along the strip of settlement. These are the peoples of Siberia, the Volga region, the Kama region, Central Asia, and the ancient peoples of the Middle Volga, Samarskaya, Khvalynskaya, Old Norse, Kurgan, archaeological cultures and cultural and historical communities, and some Caucasian peoples who retained the haplogroup R1b1, 6 thousand years ago, the haplogroup R1b1b2 (mutations M269 and L23, the same L49 according to the modern nomenclature), and Turkey and the Middle East, whose population retained much of the same haplogroup R1b1 in their DNA, see the table below Abu-Amero et al, 2009).
 

Назад      Главная страница    Оглавление    Далее.

Страница размещена на сайте в 2011 году.