The next important
moment is next.
As soon as the prechromosome began to form a drop, a special
evolutionary process took place in it.
Initially, it was an independent unit, carrying many useful substances,
and able to exist and survive alone in the ocean.
Its main stage was a single chain.
As
already mentioned, the most probable and practicable was the process of
reproduction through an intermediate stage.
Actually self-reproduction was achieved not at the first stratification,
but at the second.
That is, the chain A spawned the chain D, and the chain B then again
created the chain A, and so on.
When fouling of the prechromosome droplets, the residence time of the
pre-chromosomes A and B that were not disconnected was extended. At the
same time, the time of their stay in the disconnected state and the
construction of the second chain was gradually reduced, because there
were quite a lot of necessary substances and energy in the drop.
Thus, the transformation of a drop into a cell practically
coincided with the degeneration of the prechromosomes into double chains
A + B, which later evolved predominantly in the same form.
Further
evolution of the prechromosomes of the type "A + B" consisted in their
gradual degeneration into a purely informational carrier, practically
incapable of existence without the drop surrounding it.
All useful substances are milled in the surrounding drop and
the prechromosome itself is increasingly engaged only in the account and
distribution of these substances and in the appearance (phenotype) of
the organism.
In
today's living world, the prechromosome completely degenerated to a
purely information-genetic code and became a chromosome.
Than it is healthy to mislead scientists who now can not understand,
whence and as information carriers appeared on the Earth.
Only from outer space ... Thus we come to an alternative to the existing
opinion.
That not an excess of DNA capable of coding creates a primary cell, and
already in the cell of a prechromosome it gradually degenerates into an
information carrier.
It is
possible that these processes occurred simultaneously.
The evolution of the drop into the cell was progressing, and the
evolution of the prechromosome into the information carrier was
parallel.
Thesa.
The transformation of a prechromosome into an information carrier.
It occurs with the evolutionary fouling of the precochromosome with
auxiliary substances and structures and with the evolutionary division
of functions between the prechromosome itself and the surrounding
structures.
There are
stages of transcription, translation.
Probably in this era prechromosomes containing mononucleotides win.
Maybe they were the only ones capable of information function.
Appearance of the function shift and separation of the equal pair of
prechromosomes onto the carrier of DNA information and the mediator in
its transfer - RNA.
Evolution leads to the fact that the prechromosome - DNA
remains practically only an information function, and, perhaps, the role
of a transfer device in the exchange of information and substances
between different cellular structures.
Definition.
The Info chromosome or simply the chromosome is a
precochromosome that has lost its biological independence and has become
an information or genetic carrier.
The
degeneration of the prechromosome into an information carrier and the
simplification of its structure in turn gave rise to yet another
phenomenon.
Now, having simplified to a simple sequence of repeating nucleotides,
the chromosome has the opportunity for very large mutations.
The pieces of DNA could be moved from the chromosome to the chromosome
under the action of mutagenic factors, it's easy to get accustomed to
this new place and after that it only remained to observe what phenotype
will turn out.
These pieces could be huge, of any size and they easily fit into the
chromosome because of the similarity and simplicity of the constituent
elements.
Thesa.
After at one stage of the chromosome completely switched to
the performance of one function - the information carrier, after all the
processes of transcription and translation were stabilized, the
chromosome itself had unprecedented opportunities for mutations.
This
phenomenon can be compared with the possibility of constructing various
architectural structures from bricks of the regular orthogonal form
(analog of the info chromosomes), in contrast to buildings from
arbitrary cobblestone (an analogue of primary prechromosomes).
With the most random arrangement of bricks, they still give a stable
construction.
At the same time, there is a fairly high probability that even by
randomly installing bricks, we will build a high, complex and stable
structure.
While the structure of cobblestone will certainly fall
apart.
An
analogue of human society is the ability to work in hardware, the
ability of an employee to work in a team.
It does not matter whether there is any talent for the employee, the
main thing is not to interfere with the rest.
In order not to
conflict, do not stick out.
In short, to be a
complete brick.
And then you will have everything and many: a white suit, rings, a
doctor's diploma, a deputy's certificate, money, cars, cottages,
permits, prostitutes.
Even (from
TV) AJP is an Active Life Position.
Just become a brick.
Thus,
an evolutionary leap that allowed cells with information chromosomes to
accelerate the movement toward multicellular organisms.
And along with the oxygen atmosphere, to promote the evolutionary
progress of multicellular organisms.
Step of evolution № 5.
Occurred at the time when the prechromosome turned into an
infochromosome.
At this point, there was an opportunity for a wide range of mutations
with the most unpredictable consequences for phenotypes.
This created the opportunity for a very large variety of animal and
plant life.
It was at this point or close to it that multicellular
animals and plants appeared.
Let's
try to describe the scheme of the chromosome's life in the cell and the
interaction of the chromosome and the environment.
One day it is necessary to clarify what is the criterion of stability in
the cell and how many of them, the criteria.
As an example of a criterion, let's call its chemical composition.
Obviously, this criterion is not the only one, but the
example is quite obvious.
Suppose
that under the influence of environmental factors the chemical
composition of the cell has slightly changed.
But the cell still remains under external energy pressure, and its
chromosome - under the energy pressure already inside the cell.
In the chromosome, the property is embedded, as in the scales: where
heavier, there scales and lean.
With
the difference that the chromosome is a multi-dimensional scales.
A
lot of cups of scales and outweigh can only one.
They react to the change of thousands if not millions of chemical
changes in the cell.
Apart from non-chemical signals that can be transmitted from the
organelles or even the central nervous system of the animal and can also
be perceived by the chromosome.
They react in that one or another segment of the chromosome is involved
in the replication and synthesis of the substance along the matrix of
the chromosome. In
principle, this is representable.
For example, this or that chemical change in the cell can create an
energy stress in one or another place of the chromosome and then turn it
on for replication.
This point
requires detailed description.
But the end result is that the inclusion of the synthesis of
the necessary substance restores the chemical composition of the cell.
One
can also note that energy quantum fluxes, even in primary pansperms, and
then in droplets, eventually break through permanent channels, which
later evolve into the rudiments of lines capable of transmitting energy
impulses as signals.
Such signals have an electrical basis and are quickly transmitted
without moving the substance.
That is, the rudiments of the future nervous system are still in the
drop.
It is possible that such a nervous system exists in the cell and
transmits impulses from the peripheral parts and flagella to the
chromosome.
Thesa.
All energy and nutrients in both unicellular and multicellular organisms
are delivered to the cell by the efforts of both sides.
first, it draws the cell through the motion of the flagella, and
secondly, they are pumped from the outside, i.e.
from the
environment or from the body, under pressure.
This joint pressure, which starts from the sun's rays, causes different
processes to take place in the cell, form all kinds of organelles, and
so on. the chromosomes themselves.
The
main stage in the life of the primary cell was the stage of energy
swelling of the double chain, the separation of its chromosome into two
chains, then the construction of the second chains (and, of course, the
second flagellum from the outside).
After this, the partition was built and the decay into two cells
followed.
As is customary in all textbooks, this division is called
meiosis.
It
is known that even in the higher animals of our era, meiosis is a
partially reversible process.
That is, homozygous spermatozoa sometimes reunite, forming two-tailed
"monsters".
And
even those ancient times can not be doubted.
And they were divided and connected back as they wanted, depending on
the weather, the availability of useful substances and the availability
of a partner.
For millions of years, giant schools and congestions of spermatozoa
plied the primary oceans in search of food and made their life cycles,
including mergers with partners and a new division into two.
At the same time occasionally the crossing of parts of their
chromosomes occurred, giving a new impetus to their evolution ...
These
giant clouds of spermatozoa have survived to this day.
It is enough to observe the fertilization of fish eggs with the milk of
their males.
The only difference from antiquity is that, firstly, these fish
spermatozoa became carriers of many chromosomes, and not just one in
antiquity.
And secondly, that half of the spermatozoa in the past evolved into
large caviar and lost flagella.
At the same time, the other half lost the ability to merge with their
own kind and merges only with eggs.