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APPEARANCE OF INFORMATION CHROMOSOM.

   The next important moment is next. As soon as the prechromosome began to form a drop, a special evolutionary process took place in it. Initially, it was an independent unit, carrying many useful substances, and able to exist and survive alone in the ocean. Its main stage was a single chain.
   
As already mentioned, the most probable and practicable was the process of reproduction through an intermediate stage. Actually self-reproduction was achieved not at the first stratification, but at the second. That is, the chain A spawned the chain D, and the chain B then again created the chain A, and so on. When fouling of the prechromosome droplets, the residence time of the pre-chromosomes A and B that were not disconnected was extended. At the same time, the time of their stay in the disconnected state and the construction of the second chain was gradually reduced, because there were quite a lot of necessary substances and energy in the drop. Thus, the transformation of a drop into a cell practically coincided with the degeneration of the prechromosomes into double chains A + B, which later evolved predominantly in the same form.
   
Further evolution of the prechromosomes of the type "A + B" consisted in their gradual degeneration into a purely informational carrier, practically incapable of existence without the drop surrounding it. All useful substances are milled in the surrounding drop and the prechromosome itself is increasingly engaged only in the account and distribution of these substances and in the appearance (phenotype) of the organism.
   
In today's living world, the prechromosome completely degenerated to a purely information-genetic code and became a chromosome. Than it is healthy to mislead scientists who now can not understand, whence and as information carriers appeared on the Earth. Only from outer space ... Thus we come to an alternative to the existing opinion. That not an excess of DNA capable of coding creates a primary cell, and already in the cell of a prechromosome it gradually degenerates into an information carrier. It is possible that these processes occurred simultaneously. The evolution of the drop into the cell was progressing, and the evolution of the prechromosome into the information carrier was parallel.

Thesa. The transformation of a prechromosome into an information carrier. It occurs with the evolutionary fouling of the precochromosome with auxiliary substances and structures and with the evolutionary division of functions between the prechromosome itself and the surrounding structures. There are stages of transcription, translation. Probably in this era prechromosomes containing mononucleotides win. Maybe they were the only ones capable of information function. Appearance of the function shift and separation of the equal pair of prechromosomes onto the carrier of DNA information and the mediator in its transfer - RNA. Evolution leads to the fact that the prechromosome - DNA remains practically only an information function, and, perhaps, the role of a transfer device in the exchange of information and substances between different cellular structures.
   
Definition. The Info chromosome or simply the chromosome is a precochromosome that has lost its biological independence and has become an information or genetic carrier.
   
The degeneration of the prechromosome into an information carrier and the simplification of its structure in turn gave rise to yet another phenomenon. Now, having simplified to a simple sequence of repeating nucleotides, the chromosome has the opportunity for very large mutations. The pieces of DNA could be moved from the chromosome to the chromosome under the action of mutagenic factors, it's easy to get accustomed to this new place and after that it only remained to observe what phenotype will turn out. These pieces could be huge, of any size and they easily fit into the chromosome because of the similarity and simplicity of the constituent elements
.

Thesa. After at one stage of the chromosome completely switched to the performance of one function - the information carrier, after all the processes of transcription and translation were stabilized, the chromosome itself had unprecedented opportunities for mutations.
   
This phenomenon can be compared with the possibility of constructing various architectural structures from bricks of the regular orthogonal form (analog of the info chromosomes), in contrast to buildings from arbitrary cobblestone (an analogue of primary prechromosomes). With the most random arrangement of bricks, they still give a stable construction. At the same time, there is a fairly high probability that even by randomly installing bricks, we will build a high, complex and stable structure. While the structure of cobblestone will certainly fall apart.
   
An analogue of human society is the ability to work in hardware, the ability of an employee to work in a team. It does not matter whether there is any talent for the employee, the main thing is not to interfere with the rest. In order not to conflict, do not stick out. In short, to be a complete brick. And then you will have everything and many: a white suit, rings, a doctor's diploma, a deputy's certificate, money, cars, cottages, permits, prostitutes. Even (from TV) AJP is an Active Life Position. Just become a brick.
   
Thus, an evolutionary leap that allowed cells with information chromosomes to accelerate the movement toward multicellular organisms. And along with the oxygen atmosphere, to promote the evolutionary progress of multicellular organisms.

Step of evolution № 5. Occurred at the time when the prechromosome turned into an infochromosome. At this point, there was an opportunity for a wide range of mutations with the most unpredictable consequences for phenotypes. This created the opportunity for a very large variety of animal and plant life. It was at this point or close to it that multicellular animals and plants appeared.
   
Let's try to describe the scheme of the chromosome's life in the cell and the interaction of the chromosome and the environment. One day it is necessary to clarify what is the criterion of stability in the cell and how many of them, the criteria. As an example of a criterion, let's call its chemical composition. Obviously, this criterion is not the only one, but the example is quite obvious.
   
Suppose that under the influence of environmental factors the chemical composition of the cell has slightly changed. But the cell still remains under external energy pressure, and its chromosome - under the energy pressure already inside the cell. In the chromosome, the property is embedded, as in the scales: where heavier, there scales and lean. With the difference that the chromosome is a multi-dimensional scales. A lot of cups of scales and outweigh can only one. They react to the change of thousands if not millions of chemical changes in the cell. Apart from non-chemical signals that can be transmitted from the organelles or even the central nervous system of the animal and can also be perceived by the chromosome. They react in that one or another segment of the chromosome is involved in the replication and synthesis of the substance along the matrix of the chromosome. In principle, this is representable. For example, this or that chemical change in the cell can create an energy stress in one or another place of the chromosome and then turn it on for replication. This point requires detailed description. But the end result is that the inclusion of the synthesis of the necessary substance restores the chemical composition of the cell.
   
One can also note that energy quantum fluxes, even in primary pansperms, and then in droplets, eventually break through permanent channels, which later evolve into the rudiments of lines capable of transmitting energy impulses as signals. Such signals have an electrical basis and are quickly transmitted without moving the substance. That is, the rudiments of the future nervous system are still in the drop. It is possible that such a nervous system exists in the cell and transmits impulses from the peripheral parts and flagella to the chromosome.

Thesa. All energy and nutrients in both unicellular and multicellular organisms are delivered to the cell by the efforts of both sides. first, it draws the cell through the motion of the flagella, and secondly, they are pumped from the outside, i.e. from the environment or from the body, under pressure. This joint pressure, which starts from the sun's rays, causes different processes to take place in the cell, form all kinds of organelles, and so on. the chromosomes themselves.
   
The main stage in the life of the primary cell was the stage of energy swelling of the double chain, the separation of its chromosome into two chains, then the construction of the second chains (and, of course, the second flagellum from the outside). After this, the partition was built and the decay into two cells followed. As is customary in all textbooks, this division is called meiosis.
   
It is known that even in the higher animals of our era, meiosis is a partially reversible process. That is, homozygous spermatozoa sometimes reunite, forming two-tailed "monsters". And even those ancient times can not be doubted. And they were divided and connected back as they wanted, depending on the weather, the availability of useful substances and the availability of a partner. For millions of years, giant schools and congestions of spermatozoa plied the primary oceans in search of food and made their life cycles, including mergers with partners and a new division into two. At the same time occasionally the crossing of parts of their chromosomes occurred, giving a new impetus to their evolution ...
   
These giant clouds of spermatozoa have survived to this day. It is enough to observe the fertilization of fish eggs with the milk of their males. The only difference from antiquity is that, firstly, these fish spermatozoa became carriers of many chromosomes, and not just one in antiquity. And secondly, that half of the spermatozoa in the past evolved into large caviar and lost flagella. At the same time, the other half lost the ability to merge with their own kind and merges only with eggs.

 

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