Multicellular organisms appeared from 1 billion to 500 million years ago.
   We can suggest several mechanisms for the appearance of multicellular animal organisms. Of minimal interest are simple coalescence of several identical cells. The largest - the formation of organisms with differentiated cells, in which the functions and responsibilities are partially or completely separated. Hardly, whether this was possible in cells with one pair of chromosomes. But with several pairs of chromosomes in a cage, this is imaginable.
   The pairs of chromosomes - cohabitants evolved, gradually moving away in structure and properties from each other. And when building cellular structures, they began to interfere with each other. But if the chromosomes in one pair interfered with each other, then such an organism, probably, perished. But if different pairs of chromosomes interfered with each other, then in the course of time a molecular mechanism was developed (at first - according to probability laws), which we will call a switching mechanism.

Thesa. Switching mechanism. In the moments of mitosis of a multi-chromosome cell, one pair of them is included to construct cellular structures with parallel duplication of themselves, and the second pair (later the third and all the others) abandons the construction and takes care only to build a duplicate on time and on time divide into two new pairs.

Thesa. This state with one pair of chromosomes turned on and the others turned off remains in the process of vital activity. The whole chemical composition of the cell is controlled by only one pair of chromosomes, and the rest are taken care of only of themselves.
   While it is impossible to say exactly where and what kind of this switching mechanism is located. Maybe it is permanently attached to one of the chromosomes, and maybe it does not belong to the chromosomes and floats in the cell itself as one of the organelles. Maybe (see below about cancer) is the same gene HIT (aych ay ti), accused of initiating cancer. It seems, it is more likely that such mechanisms exist on each chromosome and they work together on a program laid down from birth. But there must be only one! The need for inclusion is determined by some detector chemical composition in the cell, perhaps with the participation of the gene of aychayti.
   Historically, a synchronous system of two pairs of chromosomes was first created. In all the new cells, there were again two pairs of chromosomes. The spermoids themselves were of two kinds, depending on which of the two pairs of chromosomes built the protective membrane and all the internal organelles. The advantages of such a system, perhaps, were that the same genotype had statistically two phenotypes and was more adapted to the variable conditions of life.
   Later, the switching molecular mechanism was improved. Now at first several cycles of mitotic cell division were performed by one of the pairs of chromosomes, and these cells remained in the "molded" state. These extra cells served as a protection for the entire body, a supply of nutrients, etc. And then one cycle of meiotic division of the cell was controlled by the second pair of chromosomes and the homozygous unicellular spermatozoon was separated. Such a complex cycle is already completely completely similar to the cycle of any modern animal.

Consequence. The only animal on earth created during the entire evolution of life, the main core of evolution, on which the whole diversity of the animal world is strung, is the sperm. All other animal variations, all genera, species, subspecies, etc. are formed as a result of the "colonization" of the sperm cell by a variety of chromosomes in quantity and quality. And, depending on the number and structure of these chromosomes, these or other protective shells around these spermatozoa were enlarged.
   The entire animal world: insects and vertebrates, fish and birds, lions and worms, lice and humans are just different kinds of shells, designed firstly to protect the spermatozoa of all these living things so that they do not become someone's food, second, to create energy pressure on them, forcing them to ripen, to separate from the body (to form gametes) and to pour out at certain moments of copulation (or at the time of docking of the protective envelopes), for the purpose of subsequent merging of these spermatozoa, the formation of sperm and the subsequent creation of new gi breeds and growing new protective shells.
   Apparently, similar words can be said about plants. The single-celled base of the plant is pollen.
   It is quite obvious that the division of the sexes and the appearance of anuran sperm-ovaries does not change the general picture. Female spermatozoa lost large flagella, became ovules, but they were stocked with nutrients. It is not necessary that the oocytes disappeared from molecular flagella and electronic engines.

Mini - hypothesis. Probably, the seminal glands of male animals from the inside are lined with a layer of cells with a permanently switched meiosis sex chromosome, which continuously perform meiosis cycles, secreting spermatozoa. There is also an inverse process of fusion of the spermatozoon with the walls of the gland.
   Thus, the stage of the spermoid has also been preserved in all multicellular animals, both at the stage of separation of the spermatozoon, and at the stage of fusion of the spermatozoon with the oocyte.
   Modern observations of the behavior of spermatozoa indicate that the same habits remained here, as hundreds of millions of years ago. During active sexual life, spermatozoa constantly multiply. But in a difficult "sexual timelessness" spermatozoa can and connect back and even dissolve back into the body.
   Returning to the pressure of solar energy as a source of earthly life, it is appropriate to note that energy, food itself is always looking for a consumer, as it were, presses on the body and thereby serves as a source of vitality. Applied to the animal world, this is absolutely true for their life center: spermatozoa. They are constantly under the pressure of energy supplied by the body, which forces them to complete the entire life cycle. And the body is the mediator between food (ie accumulated solar energy) and sperm, as well as a sperm defender. It does everything to create energy pressure on spermatozoa. Nature has allowed such an intermediary to exist with an emotional apparatus in which positive emotions are all that creates energy pressure on spermatozoa. This is good nutrition, good treatment and entertainment, this is the process of finding a partner for copulation and a maximum of emotions - at the time of copulation. And negative emotions - hunger, cold, illness, stagnation in the "main organs."
   Recalling the old comparison between life and the clock, we can say that

Consequence. The body is the same pendulum that swings along ecological trajectories, catches portions of energy (in the form of food) and pumps them to spermatozoa.
   There are many such pendulums, beginning with the flagellum of the sperm and ending with the entire body of the animal. All life consists of cycles, and in each cycle something is a pendulum.
   Once again, we return to the emergence of multicellular organisms. The main result from the appearance of protective envelopes around the spermatozoon, as if a breakthrough to multicellular organisms, was the moment when several pairs of chromosomes began to live in one cell.

Thesa. As a result of the switching mechanism, one of the pairs of chromosomes in the process of vital activity and at the time of cell multiplication (the growth of any organ of the animal) takes on an "active" role, taking the entire flow of energy and nutrients. And it regulates the chemical composition of the cell or builds its colony of cells, separating a small part of the substances from other chromosomes. And other chromosomes only "passively" divide, but almost do not affect the structure of the cells of the colony created.
   This point is important in the sense that multicellular bodies of living organisms have appeared, which have already become protective shells around the spermatozoon. Just like the sheath of the cell itself is the defense for her chromosomes.
   This point is also important in the sense that with the advent of the first protective shell for the spermatozoon, cancer appeared on the globe. This important topic will some day be considered in more detail. Here only the solution of the problem.

Thesa. Cancer consisted of the fact that in a tissue that has already been built, which does not grow and should not grow, a "revolution" or "inclusion" of one or another chromosome into an active state occurs. This activity is directed either to participate in the regulation of the chemical composition of the cell, or to build a new tissue. Figuratively speaking, an "enraged" chromosome appears in the body.
   In organisms, there are substances that can turn off frenzied chromosomes. The evidence can serve, for example, substances of Ceylones, which slow down the rate of cell division [28]. There are substances that accelerate the division of cells: some hormones, phytohemagglutinin, a complex of substances released from tissue damage. You just need to find these substances and learn how to use them. And then the cancer will be defeated.
   Cancer metastases, this has already been mentioned, is an attempt to expel a cancer cell by neighboring cells. And how its future destiny is not known. Maybe she will die, or maybe she will grow into a new tumor.
   Let's return to the main theme, to evolution.
   The joint growth of several colonies allowed the creation of multicellular organisms of a certain geometric shape (worms, etc.). Joint and synchronous growth of several cell colonies and their constant interaction (including chemical interaction) determine the shape of the organism of modern living beings. All the bends and the entire shape of the body result from the fact that one of the adjacent layers of cells slightly outstrips the growth of the other. And also as a result of a different supply of adequate nutrition to the growing cells.
   So, the two-body organism (not counting sex chromosomes), in which one of the cell colonies "grew" around the other, evolved into worms. It seems that the pre - worms were just flat rugs from one - two layers of cells.
   It is possible that in chromosomes there are special areas that produce certain kinds of substances that accelerate or slow down the growth of certain cells at certain growth moments. It is possible that just such areas or the whole chromosome determines the hormonal state in an adult organism.

Mini - hypothesis. The "silent" sections of chromosomes known to the current science are not necessarily "ballast" or "stock" of genetic material just in case, as it is commonly believed. It is likely that these are the "counters" of cells in the construction of a multicellular organism. Each chromosome counts the constructed cells and, after "executing the plan," is turned off.
   It is possible that at the level of genes, chromosomes, molecules in cells there is a counter of Life. It synchronizes the work of the whole organism. Every disease, every extreme condition of the body, knock down this counter. Every drink! Every sleeping pill (what scientists do to animals). And then the body is never completely restored!
   Each newly constructed cell contains a "counter" in the state in which it was built. Therefore, if this cell is damaged, it begins regeneration from this moment. From the same moment, a cancerous tumor begins in the case of a mutation - the inclusion of the chromosome for construction. Figuratively speaking, all the cells of a healthy organism are "counted" and each has its own number consisting of (for a person) of 23 or 46 whole numbers. Each such number corresponds to the state of the counter of each of the 23 (46) chromosomes.
   Of course, the first of the promising multicellular organisms appeared a worm that was the carrier and protective coat first for a single cell producing spermatozoa. And later - for a small "scrotum" with spermatozoa. Moreover, again and again the entire behavior of the first worm was subject to a single goal: to preserve, to deliver nutrients (and energy) and to provide a breeding process for the sperm transported by it. Worms with another life program did not survive.
   Further build-up of the shells passed already around the worm, and the position of the ovaries or the monophyllum varied depending on the situation. It can be said that it was the worm that became the next (after the spermatozoon) evolutionary core, to which all subsequent protective envelopes were strung. Worms, with the appearance in the cells of the 3rd and subsequent chromosomes (and the perfection of the old ones), the protective shells grew. In the organisms, colonies of cells appeared: a) the circulatory system (with pumping blood flagella!); b) the immune system; c) nerve cells (and with them the organs of sight, hearing, smell, touch, signal transmission); d) muscles; e) bone skeleton (branching on animals with an external skeleton - insects and an internal skeleton - vertebrates); f) finitenesses; g) leather, wool; h) the brain.
   Further protective shells already in the higher animals can be considered (i) clothing; j) housing; l) a piece of land; m) car, garage, barn, cottage; n) intellectual baggage, memory, ability to handle a computer, knowledge of laws, communication with the Internet; o) money; n) belonging to some collective, organization; p) dual and greater citizenship. c) an account with a foreign bank.
   However, at the base of the worms also remained worms. And all aspirations and aspirations are the same. Only those that are stronger, operate simpler, eat where they want, what is horrible and who they want. Use the weak for their protection. And the weak ones, in order to survive, are looking for the mink far away, but deeper, so that it is more subtle to hide, so to get rid of the army.
   The cause of the appearance of the last shells is most often not the appearance of new chromosomes. This is the result of training and a combination of circumstances.

Consequence. No matter how many protective shells in a living organism, they all serve only one, the sole purpose: to preserve, deliver nutrients, energy and provide a breeding process for the sperm transported by them or to maintain the high viability of the eggs.
   Although in the case of a human, this goal is often very hidden, not obvious, blurred by "sublime matter" and "high goals." Often this goal is even forgotten in the pursuit of profit. It happens that a person is torn to capital or power simply by inertia, causing damage to the population - the people and then the existence of this individual generally loses its biological meaning. Quite elegant about human perfection. Biologically, a person is a long, eight - ten worm, wrapped in coils and staying in comfort, well - being and pleasant digestion of delicious food in a comfortable musculature shell provided with lower limbs for movement and upper to guide this food into the mouth - mouth. The inlet is provided with teeth for grinding. Nearby, on the protective shell, there are controlling organs-sight, hearing, etc., and also the processing information center-the brain. From birth to death, the human worm is chained to the kitchen table and refrigerator, and the other to the toilet, despite the wide range of its movement between these instances. Only for an hour - another per day a person is able to "forget" about his bodily and sexual function and indulge in some socially useful activity. All the rest of the time, the physiological needs are sent to the benefit of the internal worm, and through it to the seed bag. This is easily confirmed by watching men accidentally deprived of "the most expensive." They lose 99% of the meaning of life and existence.
   In addition, people are often concerned about the war between different clans of the same person and sometimes sacrifices their lives, and more often - the lives of people subordinate to him to save lives for their fellow humans (and their spermatozoa). In this there is an evolutionary sense, but the discussion of this question is carried over to the subsequent chapters of our cycle.
   Finally, the last. Is it possible, on the basis of all that has been said, more or less accurately defined at the level of higher animals and man, what is life?

DEFINITION. The body is considered alive if it contains at least a few cells carrying and supporting a chromosomal life. At least a few quanta per second converted into heat.
    An illustration can serve, for example, in principle a deceased person (even without a head), in which life is maintained with the help of artificial circulation and artificial respiration. Chromosomes in his cells normally live. And such a person is capable of reproduction, whether he is a man or even a woman. The latter is described in the literature.

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